Feb 4, 2013

We live in the ice age

Some interesting facts and theories about glacial age:

Ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental ice sheets, within a long term ice age there are cold climate 'glacial periods' and intermittent warm periods 'interglacials'. Ice age implies the presence of extensive ice sheets in the northern and southern hemispheres, by this definition, we are still in the ice age that began 2.6 million years ago, because the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets still exist. - Wikipedia


There have been at least five major ice ages in the Earth's past: the Huronian (around 2.4 to 2.1 billion years ago), Cryogenian (the most severe one -  from 850 to 630 million years ago - glacial ice sheets may have reached the equator), Andean-Saharan ( from 460 to 420 million years ago), Karoo Ice Age (from 360 to 260 million years ago, caused by a long term increase in planetary oxygen levels and reduction of CO2 levels), and the current ice age - the Pliocene-Quaternary glaciation, started about 2.58 million years ago, when the spread of ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere began. 


The Quaternary period is subdivided into the Pleistocene (cold glacial period) and the Holocene (present warm interval) epochs, with the Pleistocene spanning most of the Quaternary and the Holocene covering the past 10,000 years. One of the most distinctive features of the Quaternary has been the periodic build-up of major continental ice sheets and mountain ice caps in many parts of the world during long lasting glacial stages, divided by warm episodes (interglacials) of shorter duration, when temperatures were similar to or higher than today. Prior to about 800,000 years ago each interglacial-glacial cycle lasted for about 40,000 years, but after that the periodicity shifted to a prevailing rhythm of about 100,000 years. There have occurred 8-10 major glaciations during the past 800,000 years. Two of the largest Northern Hemisphere glaciations are the last one (called the Weichselian/Wisconsin glaciation, at its maximum about 20,000 years ago) and the one occurring prior to the last interglacial (called the Saalian/Illinoian glaciation, occurring prior to c. 130,000 years ago). During the peak of both glaciations, ice sheets covered extensive areas in both Eurasia and N America. The Saalian glaciation was particularly extensive in the high Eurasian north, covering vast areas of N Russia, coastal Arctic Ocean and Siberia. (https://notendur.hi.is/oi/quaternary_geology.htm)


To form the ice sheets of the last glaciation, water from the oceans evaporated, condensed as snow and was deposited as ice in high latitudes. Thus global sea level fell during glaciation. The ice sheets at the last glacial maximum were so massive that global sea level fell by about 120 metres. Thus continental shelves were exposed and many islands became connected with the continents through dry land. This was the case between the British Isles and Europe, or between Taiwan, the Indonesian islands and Asia. - Wikipedia
Some scientists believe that the Himalayas are a major factor in the current ice age, because these mountains have increased Earth's total rainfall and therefore the rate at which CO2 is washed out of the atmosphere, decreasing the greenhouse effect. The Himalayas' formation started about 70 million years ago, and the Himalayas are still rising by about 5 mm per year because the Indo-Australian plate is still moving at 67 mm/year. The history of the Himalayas broadly fits the long-term decrease in Earth's average temperature since the mid-Eocene, 40 million years ago.

This summer (2012) arctic ice melted back further than any year on record. In light of this acceleration, scientists now think the Arctic may be ice-free in the summer within 5-10 years. The image shows the difference in multi-year summer ice cover between 1980 and 2012. (Multi-year ice is thicker and more resilient than single-season ice, because it has accumulated for several years or more.) 


The loss of Arctic ice has several effects. Ice reflects heat and solar energy back into space. With less ice cover, the heat energy is instead absorbed by the ocean, which warms and melts more ice, causing sea level rise, from both thermal expansion and ice sheet melting, which in its turn causes coastal flooding. The lack of oceanic pack ice allows increased exchange of waters between the Arctic and the North Atlantic Oceans, warming the Arctic and cooling the North AtlanticAdditional fresh water flowing into the North Atlantic during a warming cycle may also reduce the global ocean water circulation. Such a reduction (by reducing the effects of the Gulf Stream) would have a cooling effect on northern Europe. One of the possible impacts of global warming-triggered rebound may be more volcanic activity in previously ice-capped areas such as Iceland and Greenland.


The earth is in an interglacial period for the last 10,000 years, global climate is warming because we are adding greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, which means that we will have an exceptionally long interglacial ahead, or does it mean that we may soon slip into another glacial period? Given the abovementioned, we will not have to wait 100 years to know the answer....

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